History of influenza virus pdf

This network has played a critical role in developing our current understanding of global influenza virus circulation. Influenza a virus is a highly mutable virus with frequent antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms. Epidemics occurred relatively frequently but at irregular intervals 2. The great influenza the story of the deadliest pandemic in. Apr 18, 2020 the isolation of influenza virus 80 years ago in 1933 very quickly led to the development of the first generation of liveattenuated vaccines. Although the sporadically transmitted swine viruses are sufficiently. The first pandemic, or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza was in 1580. The origins of pandemic influenza lessons from the 1918 virus. The word influenza was first used in english to refer to the disease we know today in 1703 by j. A severe respiratory illness outbreak in mexico in march 2009 was later determined to be caused by the novel. In rare cases, these avian viruses are introduced into man and, eventually. Pdf the history of influenza spans 2500 years from egypt and ancient. The ability to trace outbreaks of swine flu in humans dates back to investigation of the 1918 spanish influenza pandemic, which infected one third of the worlds population an estimated 500 mil.

Since the isolation of influenza virus in 1933, a great deal of work was carried out in order to develop influenza vaccines and improve these fundamental tools of prevention in terms of production. The completion of the genetic sequencing of the 1918 influenza a virus by taubenberger et al. Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. Jan 03, 2018 influenza b was discovered around 1942 which lead to even greater advancements in understanding the complex nature of the viruss ability to consistently mutate. History and current trends in influenza virus infections with special. These 2015 influenza virus strains were similar to what are normally found in. This infographic briefly summarises the natural history, replication cycle, and pathogenesis of influenza viruses, the cause of seasonal influenza and of. In children, there may be diarrhea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults.

If the virus infects humans and is efficiently transmitted among them, a pandemic may occur. What is the history of influenza vaccine use in america. Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and m. Generally, the onset of viral croup is preceded by the symptoms of the common cold for several days. Influenza a virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of the genus alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family orthomyxoviridae. The emergence and transition to pandemic status of the influenza ah1n1ah1n1pdm09 virus in 2009 illustrated the potential for previously circulating human viruses to reemerge in humans and cause a pandemic after decades of circulating among animals. A history of influenza potter 2001 journal of applied. The origins of pandemic influenza lessons from the 1918.

These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. Influenza a viruses can infect birds, pigs, and humans, and major antigenic shifts can occur when these virus types combine. In 1936, influenza type b was isolated and an australia scientist discovered that the virus could be grown in embryonic hen eggs. Nothing has been introduced during the past 100 years to affect the recurrent pattern of epidemics and pandemics.

By 1935, scientists had discovered a method to cultivate the flu virus by using fertilized hen eggs, and from there further research went into discovering how to inactivate the virus for human vaccines. Three genera exist with this family that pertain to influenza viruses, influenzavirus a, influenzavirus b, and influenzavirus c, each of which contain a single species, or type. The ability to trace outbreaks of swine flu in humans dates back to investigation of the 1918 spanish influenza pandemic, which infected one third of. Structure of influenza virion influenza virions fig.

The spanish influenza pandemic of 19181919 summary the influenza pandemic of 19181919 killed more people, somewhere between 20 and 40 million worldwide, than the total number of fatalities in world war i. The name originated in 15th century italy, from an epidemic of the disease attributed to influence of the stars. The influenza virus is subject to rapid mutation, particular to the ha and na glycoproteins against which immunity is directed, and serum antibody to the virus ha is the most important factor in immunity. Oldest record of epidemic probably caused by influenza was recorded by hippocrates in 412 bc. This new edition has been completely revised and reflects the integration of disciplines concerning the emergence, evolution, pathogenesis and control of influenza. Mar 20, 2020 influenza pandemic of 191819, the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and among the most devastating pandemics in human history. A severe respiratory illness outbreak in mexico in march 2009. Learn about the origins, spread, and impact of the influenza pandemic of 191819.

Till 2001, eight genome segments influenza a and b. Two conditions must be satisfied for an outbreak of influenza to be classed as a pandemic. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide during 19181919. Who monitored the circulating influenza virus strains in various countries to determine which flu vaccine would be needed in an upcoming season. An influenza pandemic occurs when a new subtype or strain of influenza virus develops from antigenic shift and spreads globally. A historical perspective of influenza ah1n2 virus volume. History and current trends in influenza virus infections with. Influenza a and b viruses continually undergo a type of change called antigenic drift. German soldiers termed it blitzkatarrh, british soldiers called it flanders grippe, but globally the pandemic gained the notorious title of spanish flu. Introduction since 2003, the spread across asia and into europe and africa of an h5n1 avian influenza ai virus, which is virulent for poultry and other birds, and capable of. Chapter 12 history of influenza pandemics bruno lina abstract influenza pandemics have been amongst the largest and the deadliest epidemics in the history of man, and were observed already in ancient times. Historical caricature of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Within a short time of the initial emergence of ah1n1pdm09 virus, novel reassortants were isolated from swine. Archaic terms for influenza include epidemic catarrh, grippe from the french.

Similarly, na antibodies can limit influenza virus spread and disease severity, and there is evidence that nas of human influenza viruses undergo antigenic drift. The isolation of influenza virus 80 years ago in 1933 very quickly led to the development of the first generation of liveattenuated vaccines. Every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that peoples natural defenses are caught completely unprepared. The evolution of influenza viruses results in i recurrent annual epidemics of disease that are caused by progressive antigenic drift of influenza a and b viruses due to the mutability of the rna genome and ii infrequent but severe pandemics caused by the emergence of novel influenza a subtypes to which the population has little immunity. History of 1918 flu pandemic pandemic influenza flu cdc. The symptoms of influenza include fever, coughing, sneezing, headache, runny nose, muscle pains and a sore throat. For example, a pig flu virus and a human flu virus could combine in a bird, resulting in a radically different flu type. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases. Influenza diagnosis clinical and epidemiological characteristics increase of febrile respiratory illness lab isolation of influenza virus from clinical specimen e. Dec 18, 2019 influenza naming conventions require the flu species, where it was isolated, the strain number, and finally, the year. Creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike license.

Structure of influenza viruses, connected with influenza life. Compared with most other respiratory infections, such as the common cold, the flu often causes a more severe illness. The result a fast, catastrophic spread of a deadly form of the disease. It is very contagious and can vary from mild to severe. We are available to answer any questions you may have about the vaccine concerning its safety, effectiveness, and possible sideeffects. The name influenza originated in 15th century italy, from an epidemic attributed to influence of the stars. It was the worst epidemic in american history, killing over 600,000 until it disappeared as mysteriously as it had begun. Structure of influenza viruses, connected with influenza. Global influenza surveillance network gisn, has been performing influenza virological surveillance since 1952.

The genome of influenza viruses is a linear, segmented and formed by ssrna. Dec 29, 2001 the evolution of influenza viruses results in i recurrent annual epidemics of disease that are caused by progressive antigenic drift of influenza a and b viruses due to the mutability of the rna genome and ii infrequent but severe pandemics caused by the emergence of novel influenza a subtypes to which the population has little immunity. Influenza pandemic of 191819, the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and among the most devastating pandemics in human history. The first inactivated flu vaccine was licensed in the united states in 1945, and contained both influenza strains a and b. Strains of all subtypes of influenza a virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. In 1936, influenza type b was isolated and an australia scientist discovered that the virus could be grown in. These 2015 influenza virus strains were similar to what are normally found in birds capable of infecting people with high lethality. Influenza a is further separated into various serotypes differentiated by how antibodies respond to their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequentlyincorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the mother of all pandemics.

A pandemic in 2009, less deadly than the 20 th century outbreaks. Who history of the pandemic influenza preparedness framework. The most complicated influenza year in the history of sri lanka was 2015 as many new types of influenza viruses including highly infectious strains were detected in that year. Three pandemics occurred in the 20 th century, all of them caused by antigenic shift in influenza a strains.

The flu, or influenza, is a highly contagious viral infection that mainly affects the respiratory system. Over the past four decades it has killed 3,000 to 48,000 americans annually, depending on the dominant virus strains in circulation, among other things. The nic monitors the influenza activity throughout the year and provides influenza surveillance information to the public. World war i occupied the planets most powerful countries at the time. Historical perspective emergence of influenza a h1n1. History of the pandemic influenza preparedness framework. Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. The outbreak was caused by influenza type a subtype h1n1 virus. The textbook of influenza is a comprehensive resource covering all aspects of influenza, from the genetic and molecular biology of the virus through to clinical aspects of the disease and the latest drug developments and treatments. A summary of the first yearapril 2009may 2010 background the first influenza pandemic of the st21 century began in north america in early 2009. In addition to specific yearperiodrelated events, theres the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book.

Also called the spanish flu, this pandemic killed between. In 2007, the 60th world health assembly passed a resolution calling on the directorgeneral to convene an intergovernmental meeting to develop mechanisms aimed at ensuring the continued sharing of influenza viruses, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from such sharing. Influenza naming conventions require the flu species, where it was isolated, the strain number, and finally, the year. Virus and disease, epidemics and pandemics steinhoff. It will be important to continue to identify new correlates of protection against influenza virus infection and determine how prior exposures influence these processes. What is the history of h1n1 influenza swine flu pandemics. It was caused by an h1n1 virus with genes of avian origin. The history of influenza a h1n1 virus is punctuated by frequent, sporadic crossspecies transmissions from swine to humans. In 2005 the genome of the 1918 influenza virus was completely determined. Influenza b was discovered around 1942 which lead to even greater advancements in understanding the complex nature of the viruss ability to.

This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics. How the horrific 1918 flu spread across america history. The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by hippocrates roughly 2,400 years ago. In the united states, it was first identified in military personnel in spring 1918. Information about influenza, history of the flu, and more. The different influenza viruses, marked a to e in fig.

In the dying months of world war i, spanish flu suddenly overwhelmed the world, killing between 50 and 100 million people. Pdf the 1918 spanish flu pandemic, the origins of the h1n1. Influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and influenza c virus, respectively table 10. Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. The evolving history of influenza viruses and vaccines. It killed more people in twentyfour months than aids killed in twentyfour years, more in a year than the black death killed in a century. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. Mar 21, 2018 the 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history.

The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. Avian influenza definition h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus history nomenclature outbreaks virulence. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. History and current trends in influenza virus infections. This process accounts for most of the changes that occur in the viruses. The name originated in 15th century italy, from an epidemic of. The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history.

The 191819 influenza pandemic at the beginning of the 20 th century stimulated research on the influenza virus and, in 1933, influenza type a was isolated in ferrets. Pandemic subsides, but virus h1n1 continues to circulate seasonally for 38 years. A history of influenza society for applied microbiology. Pdf the 1918 spanish flu pandemic, the origins of the. At the height of world war i, historys most lethal influenza virus erupted in an army camp in kansas, moved east with american troops, then exploded, killing as many as 100 million people worldwide. Aug 23, 2018 influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. Since 1932, when the influenza virus was first isolated in the laboratory, the history of this infection can be recorded and confirmed by laboratory diagnosis. Firstly, the outbreak of infection, arising in a specific geographical area, spreads throughout the world. We take your kids health seriously and we want them to be healthy, happy, and. Watch influenza 1918 american experience official site. Jul 18, 2017 the most complicated influenza year in the history of sri lanka was 2015 as many new types of influenza viruses including highly infectious strains were detected in that year. The 1918 spanish flu pandemic, the origins of the h1n1virus strain, a glance in history. Influenza a virus is a highly mutable virus with frequent antigenic drift and.